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Urban Forestry is frequently considered as a key aspect of green infrastructure in urban areas. Indeed in temperate regions tree canopy and surface water are very often the connective tissue that connects all green open areas together. Recently interest has been rising in the role, of urban forests beyond there commonly associated services such as space for nature, recreational space and aesthetic quality. This has been driven by concern over the pace of global change notably in relation to climate and urbanisation. CLEARING HOUSE is a new EU R&I funded project with further contributions from Chinese partners. The project is investigating the role of Urban Forests and a nature based solution (UF-NBS). This presentation includes an introduction to the new project, personal reflections, and the making of a thread linking urban forestry to planning and policy.

In 1967/8, the author interviewed 418 men charged with breaking and entering offences, in the course of a study of pre‐trial detention. (The principal finding of the study was that 85% of the men remanded in custody had Manhattan Bail Scheme scores suggesting that they qualified for release on bail, and that the detained men fared worse in court and in their private lives than those released on bail). The following is a shortened version of Chapter 3 of Imprisonment without Sentence, to be published by Tavistock Publications Ltd.

The present paper traces a chronological history, or roadmap, of the documentation produced by the European Union (EU) to promote and implement nature-based solutions (NBS) as an innovation action aiming to establish a socially inclusive, economically vibrant and ecologically resilient society. The EU's ambition is to position Europe as the world leader in NBS Research (via scientific research aiming at generating knowledge and theories) and Innovation (NBS implementation via identifying innovative approaches and best practices), as well as in a global market (for sharing, communicating, collaborating and promoting NBS). Considerable efforts have been made by the European Commission (the executive branch of the EU) as featured in a number of documents, funding programmes and Horizon 2020 (Research and Innovation) projects that span the period from 2012 to 2020. While the European Commission's commitment to promoting NBS within its Member States and beyond is still an ongoing process, we aim to review the efforts undertaken, knowledge gained, and practices accomplished. This roadmap intends to provide interested practitioners, policymakers, researchers, as well as civil organisations with an updated understanding of the leading role of the EU in NBS conceptualisation and operationalisation. This can inform future directions of NBS Research and Innovation actions, which in turn address environmental and societal challenges prompted by urbanisation/re-urbanisation, globalisation/de-globalisation, climate change and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic.

The benefits and impacts that nature-based solutions (NBS) provide on the relationships between people and nature are widely recognized (Raymond et al. 2017). The NBS concept advocates the inclusion of a broad range of relevant actors in decision making (Pauleit et al. 2017), and co-design strategies are powerful approaches to include stakeholders and individual citizens on the same footing as professional actors (researchers, planners, politicians, decision makers, experts, institutional stakeholders). Co-design is a creative approach that enables bringing together real life experiences, views and skills of many different perspectives to address a specific problem (Szebeko and Tan 2010). Co-design has considerable potential for jointly defining the challenges to be dealt with and the objectives for the solutions. Co-design supports jointly conceptualising and delivering NBS when planning green infrastructure networks in urban environments (Karrasch et al. 2017). However, important gaps in knowledge, practice and planning remain when it comes to co-design in relation to NBS, green infrastructure and 'green' governance. We argue that co-design can help planners and policy makers to design green infrastructure which addresses not only ecological priorities, but also incorporates user demands and needs. Moreover, we believe that co-design supports planners and policy makers to better mainstream NBS into urban planning (Kabisch et al. 2016). Limitations exist, but we feel that co-design has great potential for cities committed to transformative change based on a 'green' and 'sustainable' agenda. In the following, we will further elaborate on these arguments.

Urban forests, as well as parks and trees in public and private spaces, play an important role in addressing environmental, economic and social challenges. We will introduce the variety of "services" urban forests provide to cities and their inhabitants in four different world regions (from Barcelona to Beijing). You will learn about activities taking place in Bonn (the European Forest City 2020). Finally, we will focus on examples of how local governments work together on urban forestry by integrating local stakeholders as part of the CLEARING HOUSE project.

Urban forests, as well as parks and trees in public and private spaces, play an important role in addressing environmental, economic and social challenges. We will introduce the variety of "services" urban forests provide to cities and their inhabitants in four different world regions (from Barcelona to Beijing). You will learn about activities taking place in Bonn (the European Forest City 2020). Finally, we will focus on examples of how local governments work together on urban forestry by integrating local stakeholders as part of the CLEARING HOUSE project.

Deliverable 1.2 is intended to be a guide, a structured interpretation and evaluation of the current knowledge used to collate evidence on intended outcomes and unintended impacts of UF-NBS for urban ecosystem regeneration and human wellbeing. The information reported herein is based on the compilation of a reference-recorded knowledge repository of UF-NBS and their impacts on urban liveability, public health, halting biodiversity loss and re-diversifying UF-NBS structures to enhance urban resilience; specifically, Task 1.2 - Reviewing the knowledge on the importance of UF-NBS for resilient cities - and M1.3 - the Repository on UF-NBS for resilient cities in China and Europe. Sections 2 and 3 of deliverable D1.2a are intended to provide a review of current UF-NBS practices in Europe and China. The in-depth coverage of these UF-NBS case studies is further expanded in Appendix 1 by reviewing the grey literature, i.e. the project and official reports, planning strategies, as well as scientific publications that span the territory of EU Member States and China. This documentation highlights the main goals and methodologies used in UF-NBS research and implementation, policy implications and NBS typology and functions, i.e., ecosystem services, within the frame of Task 1.2, as well as case history templates (Task 1.4). In Section 4, a comparative analysis of case histories provides conclusive insights into common or contrasting aspects in and between these two continents. Final considerations drawn from the comparative analysis of the intended outcomes of UF-NBS implementation include lessons that can be learned and existing knowledge gaps. In Section 5, a Sino-European analysis, in the form of a modelling exercise, was conducted of the selected case histories to explore shared themes, such as connectivity, multifunctionality and social cohesion, and macro-categories (i.e., ecological, engineering, social and economic macro-categories) for urban regeneration and renaturing. The second part, D1.2b, presents a review of ...